Kumbhaka is the Sanskrit term for breath retention or suspension of breath—a vital component of pranayama (yogic breathing practices). The word derives from “kumbha” meaning “pot” or “vessel” symbolizing how the body contains the breath like a pot holds water during this practice.
In classical yoga texts including Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras and the Hatha Yoga Pradipika kumbhaka is described as the central element of pranayama with inhalation (puraka) and exhalation (rechaka) serving as preparation and completion. Mastery of kumbhaka is traditionally considered essential for controlling prana (life force) and achieving higher states of consciousness.
There are several types of kumbhaka including:
- Antara Kumbhaka: Retention after inhalation
- Bahya Kumbhaka: Retention after exhalation
- Kevala Kumbhaka: Spontaneous retention that occurs naturally during deep meditation
- Sahita Kumbhaka: Intentional retention with specific ratios
When properly practiced kumbhaka provides numerous benefits including increased oxygen absorption improved concentration enhanced lung capacity purification of the nadis (energy channels) and activation of dormant energetic and mental capacities. The practice creates pressure in the lungs which affects the cardiovascular system nervous system and cerebral functions.
Practitioners should approach kumbhaka gradually under qualified guidance as improper practice can strain the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Beginners typically start with short retentions of 2-5 seconds gradually increasing duration as comfort develops. Contraindications include respiratory disorders heart conditions high blood pressure glaucoma and certain psychological conditions.
